抽象的。目的:本文提出了一种用于产生虚拟术中CT扫描的方案,以改善内窥镜窦手术(ESS)的手术完整性。方法:该工作呈现三种方法,基于尖端运动,基于尖端轨迹的基于仪器,以及基于仪器,以及虚拟术中CT生成的非参数平滑和高斯过程回归。结果:所提出的方法研究,并在尸体上进行的ESS进行了比较。外科结果表明,所有三种方法都改善了骰子相似系数> 86%,F分数> 92%和精度> 89.91%。发现基于尖端轨迹的方法具有最佳性能,并在外科完整性评估中获得了96.87%的精度。结论:这项工作表明,虚拟术中CT扫描改善了实际手术场景与参考模型之间的一致性,并提高了ESS中的手术完整性。与实际的术中CT扫描相比,该方案对现有的外科议定书没有影响,不需要除了最多的ESS中已经提供的额外硬件克服了高成本,重复辐射和由实际术中引起的细长麻醉CTS,并在ESS中实用。
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内镜窦和头骨基础手术(Essbss)是一个具有挑战性和潜在的危险的外科手术,客观技能评估是提高手术训练有效性的关键组成部分,重新​​验证外科医生的技能,并降低手术创伤和并发症手术室的速度。由于外科手术的复杂性,操作风格的变化,以及新的外科技能的快速发展,外科技能评估仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。这项工作提出了一种新颖的高斯过程学习的启发式自动客观外科手术技能评估方法。不同于经典的外科技能评估算法,所提出的方法1)利用外科仪器相对运动中的运动学特征,而不是使用特定的外科任务或统计数据实时评估技能; 2)提供信息丰富的反馈,而不是总结分数; 3)能够逐步从新数据逐步学习,而不是根据固定的数据集。该方法将仪器运动投射到内窥镜坐标中以减少数据维度。然后,它提取投影数据的运动学特征,并学习外科技能水平与高斯过程学习技术的特征之间的关系。该方法在全内镜颅底和尸体上的鼻窦手术中核实。这些手术具有不同的病理学,需要不同的治疗并具有不同的复杂性。实验结果表明,该方法达到了100 \%的预测精度,用于完整的外科手术和90 \%的实时预测评估精度。
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Vehicle routing problems and other combinatorial optimization problems have been approximately solved by reinforcement learning agents with policies based on encoder-decoder models with attention mechanisms. These techniques are of substantial interest but still cannot solve the complex routing problems that arise in a realistic setting which can have many trucks and complex requirements. With the aim of making reinforcement learning a viable technique for supply chain optimization, we develop new extensions to encoder-decoder models for vehicle routing that allow for complex supply chains using classical computing today and quantum computing in the future. We make two major generalizations. First, our model allows for routing problems with multiple trucks. Second, we move away from the simple requirement of having a truck deliver items from nodes to one special depot node, and instead allow for a complex tensor demand structure. We show how our model, even if trained only for a small number of trucks, can be embedded into a large supply chain to yield viable solutions.
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Problem instances of a size suitable for practical applications are not likely to be addressed during the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) period with (almost) pure quantum algorithms. Hybrid classical-quantum algorithms have potential, however, to achieve good performance on much larger problem instances. We investigate one such hybrid algorithm on a problem of substantial importance: vehicle routing for supply chain logistics with multiple trucks and complex demand structure. We use reinforcement learning with neural networks with embedded quantum circuits. In such neural networks, projecting high-dimensional feature vectors down to smaller vectors is necessary to accommodate restrictions on the number of qubits of NISQ hardware. However, we use a multi-head attention mechanism where, even in classical machine learning, such projections are natural and desirable. We consider data from the truck routing logistics of a company in the automotive sector, and apply our methodology by decomposing into small teams of trucks, and we find results comparable to human truck assignment.
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Unsupervised representation learning aims at describing raw data efficiently to solve various downstream tasks. It has been approached with many techniques, such as manifold learning, diffusion maps, or more recently self-supervised learning. Those techniques are arguably all based on the underlying assumption that target functions, associated with future downstream tasks, have low variations in densely populated regions of the input space. Unveiling minimal variations as a guiding principle behind unsupervised representation learning paves the way to better practical guidelines for self-supervised learning algorithms.
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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) outshine alternative function approximators in many settings thanks to their modularity in composing any desired differentiable operator. The formed parametrized functional is then tuned to solve a task at hand from simple gradient descent. This modularity comes at the cost of making strict enforcement of constraints on DNNs, e.g. from a priori knowledge of the task, or from desired physical properties, an open challenge. In this paper we propose the first provable affine constraint enforcement method for DNNs that requires minimal changes into a given DNN's forward-pass, that is computationally friendly, and that leaves the optimization of the DNN's parameter to be unconstrained i.e. standard gradient-based method can be employed. Our method does not require any sampling and provably ensures that the DNN fulfills the affine constraint on a given input space's region at any point during training, and testing. We coin this method POLICE, standing for Provably Optimal LInear Constraint Enforcement.
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在现代深网(DNS)中,至关重要的,无处不在且知之甚少的成分是批处理(BN),它以特​​征图为中心并归一化。迄今为止,只有有限的进步才能理解为什么BN会提高DN学习和推理表现。工作专注于表明BN平滑DN的损失格局。在本文中,我们从函数近似的角度从理论上研究BN。我们利用这样一个事实,即当今最先进的DNS是连续的分段仿射(CPA),可以通过定义在输入空间的分区上定义的仿射映射来预测培训数据(所谓的“线性”区域”)。 {\ em我们证明了BN是一种无监督的学习技术,它独立于DN的权重或基于梯度的学习 - 适应DN的样条分区的几何形状以匹配数据。} BN提供了“智能初始化”,可提高“智能初始化” DN学习的性能,因为它甚至适应了以随机权重初始化的DN,以使其样条分区与数据保持一致。我们还表明,微型批次之间的BN统计数据的变化引入了辍学的随机扰动,以对分区边界,因此分类问题的决策边界。每次微型摄入扰动可通过增加训练样本和决策边界之间的边距来减少过度拟合并改善概括。
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向潜在客户展示广告而不是通常称为“增量”的因果效应是广告有效性的基本问题。在数字广告中,三个主要难题对于严格量化广告增量的核心:广告购买/竞标/定价,归因和实验。在机器学习和因果计量经济学基础的基础上,我们提出了一种方法,将这三个概念统一为竞标和归因的计算可行模型,该模型涵盖了广告效应的随机化,培训,交叉验证,评分,评分和转换归因。这种方法的实施很可能可以确保广告回报率的重大改善。
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团队是人类成就的核心。在过去的半个世纪中,心理学家已经确定了五个跨文化有效的人格变量:神经质,外向性,开放性,尽职尽责和同意。前四个与团队绩效显示一致的关系。然而,令人愉快的(和谐,无私,谦虚和合作)表现出与团队绩效的无关紧要和高度可变的关系。我们通过计算建模解决这种不一致。基于代理的模型(ABM)用于预测人格特质对团队合作的影响,然后使用遗传算法来探索ABM的限制,以发现哪种特征与最佳和最差的表现相关,以解决与与最差的团队相关的问题,以解决与问题有关的问题。不同级别的不确定性(噪声)。探索所揭示的新依赖性通过分析迄今为止最大的团队绩效数据集的先前未观察到的数据来证实,其中包括593个团队中的3,698个个人,从事5,000多个没有不确定性的小组任务,在10年内收集了不确定性。我们的发现是,团队绩效和同意之间的依赖性受到任务不确定性的调节。以这种方式将进化计算与ABM相结合,为团队合作的科学研究,做出新的预测以及提高我们对人类行为的理解提供了一种新方法。我们的结果证实了计算机建模对发展理论的潜在实用性,并阐明了随着工作环境的越来越流畅和不确定的启示。
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在本文中,我们研究了自我监督的学习方法,尤其是VICREG,以提供对其构建的信息理论理解。作为第一步,我们演示了如何获得确定性网络的信息理论数量,为依赖随机模型的先前工作提供了可能的替代方法。这使我们能够证明如何从第一原则及其对数据分布的假设中发现的(重新)。此外,我们从经验上证明了我们的假设的有效性,证实了我们对Vicreg的新理解。最后,我们认为,我们获得的派生和见解可以推广到许多其他SSL方法,为SSL和转移学习的理论和实际理解开辟了新的途径。
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